⚡ 动词
动词分类 · 时态 · 语态 · 情态动词 · 非谓语动词
考点一：动词的分类
🔹 按功能分类
| 类别 | 说明 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| 实义动词 | 有实际意义，能独立作谓语 | eat, run, write, speak, buy |
| 系动词 | 后接表语，说明主语的状态或特征 | be, look, feel, sound, taste, smell, become, get, turn, keep |
| 助动词 | 帮助构成时态、语态、否定、疑问等 | do, does, did, have, has, had, will, shall |
| 情态动词 | 表示能力、许可、推测等 | can, could, may, might, must, should, need, dare |
🔹 系动词的分类
| 类别 | 常见系动词 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| 状态系动词 | be（am/is/are） | He is a student. |
| 感官系动词 | look, sound, smell, taste, feel | The food tastes delicious. |
| 变化系动词 | become, get, turn, grow, go | The leaves turn yellow in autumn. |
| 保持系动词 | keep, stay, remain | Please keep quiet. |
| 表象系动词 | seem, appear | He seems happy. |
🔹 按是否需要宾语分类
- 及物动词（vt.）：后面必须接宾语。
I like music.（like 是及物动词） - 不及物动词（vi.）：后面不能直接接宾语，需加介词。
He arrived at the station.（arrive 是不及物动词，需加 at）
系动词后接形容词，不接副词：
✅ The flower smells sweet.（sweet 是形容词）
❌ The flower smells sweetly.
✅ He looks happy.（happy 是形容词）
❌ He looks happily.
实义动词有意义，系动词后接表语；
助动词来帮帮忙，情态动词表情态；
感官系动词五兄弟：看听闻尝摸；
系动词后用形容词，千万别用副词替。
选择正确答案：
1. The music sounds ______.（beautiful / beautifully）
2. The leaves ______ green in spring.（turn / are turned）
3. He ______ at the airport at 8:00 yesterday.（arrived / reached）
1. beautiful — sound 是系动词，后接形容词。
2. turn — turn 作系动词表示"变得"，主动语态。
3. arrived — arrive 是不及物动词，后接 at；reach 是及物动词，可直接接宾语。
考点二：动词的时态（上）
🔹 一般现在时
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 构成 | 主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数加 -s/-es） |
| 用法 | ①经常性、习惯性动作 ②客观事实和真理 ③时刻表中的将来 |
| 标志词 | always, usually, often, sometimes, every day, on Sundays |
例句：He gets up at 6:00 every day. 他每天6点起床。
The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
🔹 一般过去时
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 构成 | 主语 + 动词过去式（规则变化加 -ed，不规则需记忆） |
| 用法 | 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态 |
| 标志词 | yesterday, last week, ago, in 2010, just now, the other day |
例句：I visited my grandparents last Sunday. 上周日我看望了祖父母。
🔹 一般将来时
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 构成 | ①will/shall + 动词原形 ②be going to + 动词原形 |
| 用法 | ①表示将要发生的动作 ②临时决定（will）③计划打算（be going to） |
| 标志词 | tomorrow, next week, in the future, soon |
例句：It is going to rain. Look at the black clouds. 要下雨了，看那乌云。
I will help you. 我会帮你的。（临时决定）
🔹 现在进行时
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 构成 | am/is/are + 现在分词（-ing） |
| 用法 | ①说话时正在进行的动作 ②近期计划安排 |
| 标志词 | now, at the moment, look, listen |
例句：Listen! She is singing in the room. 听！她正在房间里唱歌。
will 与 be going to 的区别：
will：临时决定、预测、意愿
be going to：事先计划好的、有迹象表明即将发生的
例如：Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.（有迹象）
I think it will rain tomorrow.（预测）
一般现在常习惯，三单动词加s/es；
一般过去用过去式，yesterday和ago是标志；
will临时be going to计划，一般将来两兄弟；
现在进行be加ing，now和look listen来提示。
用所给动词的适当形式填空：
1. He usually ______ (go) to school by bike.
2. They ______ (visit) the museum last weekend.
3. Look! The children ______ (play) in the park.
4. We ______ (have) a meeting tomorrow afternoon.
1. goes — usually 提示一般现在时，主语 he 是第三人称单数。
2. visited — last weekend 提示一般过去时。
3. are playing — Look! 提示现在进行时。
4. will have / are going to have — tomorrow 提示一般将来时。
考点三：动词的时态（下）
🔹 现在完成时
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 构成 | have/has + 过去分词 |
| 用法一 | 过去发生的动作对现在有影响（已完成） |
| 用法二 | 从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态（未完成） |
| 标志词 | already, yet, just, ever, never, since, for, so far, recently |
例句：I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了作业。
She has lived here for ten years. 她在这里住了十年了。
🔹 现在完成时中的 have been to / have gone to / have been in
| 短语 | 含义 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| have been to | 去过（已回来） | I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次。 |
| have gone to | 去了（未回来） | He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了（不在这里）。 |
| have been in | 待在（一直在） | She has been in Beijing for 3 years. 她在北京待了3年了。 |
🔹 过去完成时
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 构成 | had + 过去分词 |
| 用法 | 表示"过去的过去"，即在过去某一时刻之前已完成的动作 |
| 标志词 | by the time, before, by + 过去时间, after |
例句：By nine o'clock last night, we had got 200 pictures. 到昨晚9点，我们已收到200张图片。
🔹 过去进行时
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 构成 | was/were + 现在分词（-ing） |
| 用法 | 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作 |
| 标志词 | at that time, at 8:00 last night, when, while |
例句：He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。
when 与 while 在过去进行时中的区别：
when + 一般过去时（短暂动作）
while + 过去进行时（持续动作）
He was reading when the phone rang.（电话响了——短暂）
While he was reading, his mother was cooking.（两个持续动作同时进行）
现在完成have/has done，already/yet/since/for；
been to去过gone to去了，been in一直待着；
过去完成had done，过去的过去要分清；
过去进行was/were doing，when短暂while持续。
选择正确答案：
1. — Where is Tom? — He ______ Beijing.（has been to / has gone to）
2. She ______ here since 2018.（has been in / has been to）
3. By the time I got to the station, the train ______.（left / had left）
4. He was watching TV ______ his mother came back.（when / while）
1. has gone to — Tom 不在这里，说明他去了北京还没回来。
2. has been in — since 2018 表示从2018年一直待到现在。
3. had left — "我到车站"是过去，"火车离开"在此之前，是"过去的过去"。
4. when — came back 是短暂动作，用 when。
考点四：被动语态
🔹 被动语态的构成
被动语态由"be + 过去分词"构成，be 随时态变化：
| 时态 | 被动语态形式 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | am/is/are + done | English is spoken in many countries. |
| 一般过去时 | was/were + done | The bridge was built in 2000. |
| 一般将来时 | will be + done | The work will be finished tomorrow. |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are + being + done | The road is being repaired now. |
| 现在完成时 | have/has + been + done | The book has been translated into Chinese. |
| 含情态动词 | 情态动词 + be + done | This problem must be solved at once. |
🔹 主动语态变被动语态的步骤
- ①将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语
- ②将谓语动词变为"be + 过去分词"
- ③将主动句的主语变为 by 短语（可省略）
主动：Tom cleans the room every day.
被动：The room is cleaned (by Tom) every day.
🔹 不能用被动语态的情况
- 不及物动词没有被动语态：happen, take place, break out, belong to 等
- 系动词没有被动语态：look, sound, taste, smell, feel 等
- 某些固定短语：sell well, wash easily, read well 等
例如：The accident happened yesterday.（不能说 was happened）
This kind of book sells well.（不能说 is sold well）
双宾语动词的被动语态：
give, teach, tell, show, send, buy, make 等可接双宾语。
主动：He gave me a book.
被动1：I was given a book (by him).（间接宾语作主语）
被动2：A book was given to me (by him).（直接宾语作主语）
被动语态be加done，be随时态来变化；
宾变主来主变by，谓语变成be过分；
不及物动词无被动，系动词也不能变；
happen/take place要注意，sell well主动表被动。
将下列句子改为被动语态：
1. People speak English in many countries.
2. They will build a new school next year.
3. We must finish the work on time.
1. English is spoken in many countries.
2. A new school will be built next year.
3. The work must be finished on time.
考点五：情态动词
🔹 常见情态动词及用法
| 情态动词 | 用法 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| can / could | 能力、许可、推测（可能） | He can swim. / Could you help me? |
| may / might | 许可、推测（也许） | May I come in? / He may be at home. |
| must | 必须、推测（一定） | You must finish it today. / He must be a teacher. |
| should / ought to | 应该、建议 | You should study hard. |
| need | 需要（多用于否定和疑问） | Need I go now? / You needn't worry. |
| had better | 最好 | You had better go to bed early. |
🔹 情态动词表推测
| 推测程度 | 肯定句 | 否定句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一定（肯定推测） | must + 动词原形 | — |
| 可能 | may / might + 动词原形 | may not / might not |
| 不可能（否定推测） | — | can't + 动词原形 |
He must be a doctor.（他一定是医生）
He may be at home.（他可能在家）
He can't be at home.（他不可能在家）
must 的否定：
must 表"必须"时，否定用 needn't 或 don't have to（不必），而不是 mustn't。
mustn't 表示"禁止，不允许"。
— Must I finish it today? 我必须今天完成吗？
— No, you needn't. 不，你不必。（不能说 No, you mustn't.）
You mustn't smoke here. 你不许在这里吸烟。（表禁止）
can能力may许可，must必须should应该；
推测must一定can't不可能，may/might也许可能；
must提问needn't答，mustn't表禁止；
had better最好做，need多用否定疑问句。
选择正确答案：
1. — Must I hand in my homework now? — No, you ______.（mustn't / needn't）
2. He ______ be at home. I saw him in the library just now.（must / can't）
3. You ______ smoke in the hospital.（mustn't / needn't）
4. It ______ rain this afternoon. Take an umbrella with you.（may / must）
1. needn't — Must 提问，否定回答用 needn't（不必）。
2. can't — 刚在图书馆看到他，所以他不可能在家，用 can't 表否定推测。
3. mustn't — 医院里禁止吸烟，mustn't 表禁止。
4. may — 表示"可能"下雨，不确定的推测用 may。
考点六：非谓语动词
🔹 动词不定式（to do）
| 用法 | 举例 |
|---|---|
| 作主语 | To learn English is important. = It is important to learn English. |
| 作宾语 | He wants to go home. / I decided to study abroad. |
| 作宾补 | My mother asked me to clean the room. |
| 作定语 | I have something to tell you. |
| 作目的状语 | He came here to see you. |
🔹 省略 to 的不定式
以下情况不定式要省略 to：
- 使役动词（make, let, have）+ 宾语 + 动词原形
The teacher made him stand up. - 感官动词（see, hear, watch, feel, notice）+ 宾语 + 动词原形
I saw him cross the road. - had better / would rather + 动词原形
You had better go now. - why not + 动词原形
Why not go swimming?
🔹 动名词（doing）
| 用法 | 举例 |
|---|---|
| 作主语 | Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。 |
| 作表语 | Her job is teaching English. 她的工作是教英语。 |
| 作宾语 | I enjoy listening to music. 我喜欢听音乐。 |
🔹 接不定式和动名词作宾语的动词
| 类别 | 常见动词 |
|---|---|
| 只接不定式（to do） | want, hope, wish, decide, plan, agree, refuse, choose, expect, promise, pretend, afford, manage, learn |
| 只接动名词（doing） | enjoy, finish, mind, practice, avoid, suggest, keep, consider, imagine, miss, risk, give up, feel like |
| 两者都可（意思不同） | remember, forget, stop, try, go on, mean |
🔹 接不定式和动名词意思不同的动词
| 动词 | + to do | + doing |
|---|---|---|
| remember | 记得要做（未做） | 记得做过（已做） |
| forget | 忘记要做（未做） | 忘记做过（已做） |
| stop | 停下来去做（另一件事） | 停止做（正在做的事） |
| try | 努力做 | 尝试做 |
| go on | 接着做（另一件事） | 继续做（同一件事） |
| mean | 打算做 | 意味着 |
stop to do vs stop doing：
He stopped to smoke. 他停下来去抽烟。（停下手中的事去抽烟）
He stopped smoking. 他戒烟了。（停止抽烟这个动作）
remember to do vs remember doing：
Remember to lock the door. 记得要锁门。（还没锁）
I remember locking the door. 我记得锁过门了。（已经锁了）
不定式to do五大用，主宾补定目的状；
使役感官省略to，make/let/have/see/hear；
动名词doing作主宾表，enjoy/finish/mind/practice；
stop to do停下去做，stop doing停止正做；
remember to do记得要做，remember doing记得做过。
选择正确答案：
1. The teacher made the students ______ the text.（to read / read）
2. I enjoy ______ English songs.（to listen to / listening to）
3. Don't forget ______ the window before you leave.（to close / closing）
4. He stopped ______ and looked up.（to write / writing）
1. read — make 是使役动词，后接省略 to 的不定式。
2. listening to — enjoy 后接动名词。
3. to close — forget to do 表示"忘记要做某事"（还没做）。
4. writing — stop doing 表示"停止正在做的事"，他停止写作然后抬头看。