👆 代词
人称代词 · 物主代词 · 反身代词 · 指示代词 · 不定代词 · it的用法
考点一:人称代词
🔹 人称代词总表
| 主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 | 反身代词 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第一人称单数 | I | me | my | mine | myself |
| 第二人称单数 | you | you | your | yours | yourself |
| 第三人称单数 | he/she/it | him/her/it | his/her/its | his/hers/its | himself/herself/itself |
| 第一人称复数 | we | us | our | ours | ourselves |
| 第二人称复数 | you | you | your | yours | yourselves |
| 第三人称复数 | they | them | their | theirs | themselves |
🔹 主格与宾格的用法
- 主格在句中作主语:He is a student.
- 宾格在句中作宾语(动词或介词后):Please tell him the news. / Give it to me.
🔹 人称代词的排列顺序
多个人称代词并列时,排列顺序有讲究:
- 单数:二、三、一(you, he/she and I)
- 复数:一、二、三(we, you and they)
- 承认错误时:一、二、三(I, you and he)— 把"我"放在最前面,表示主动承担责任
强调句中被强调的主语用主格:
It is I/he/she who/that...(正式用法)
例如:It was he that/who bought a camera yesterday. 是他昨天买了一台相机。
主格主语宾格宾,动介之后用宾格;
单数排列二三一,复数排列一二三;
承认错误我在前,礼貌谦让记心间。
选择正确答案:
1. ______ and I are good friends.(He / Him)
2. The teacher asked ______ to clean the classroom.(we / us)
3. It was ______ who broke the window.(he / him)
1. He — 作主语用主格。
2. us — 作动词 asked 的宾语用宾格。
3. he — 强调句中被强调的主语用主格。
考点二:物主代词
🔹 形容词性物主代词 vs 名词性物主代词
| 类型 | 功能 | 后面是否跟名词 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 形容词性物主代词 | 作定语,修饰名词 | ✅ 必须跟名词 | This is my book. |
| 名词性物主代词 | 相当于"形容词性物主代词+名词" | ❌ 后面不跟名词 | This book is mine. (= my book) |
🔹 名词性物主代词的常见用法
- 作主语:Mine is red, and yours is blue.(我的是红色的,你的是蓝色的)
- 作宾语:I've lost my pen. May I use yours?(我丢了笔,可以用你的吗?)
- 作表语:This dictionary is hers.(这本词典是她的)
- 双重所有格:a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)
its vs it's:
its = 它的(形容词性物主代词):The dog wagged its tail.
it's = it is / it has(缩写):It's raining outside.
两者千万不要混淆!
形容词性后跟名,名词性的独立行;
my book等于mine,形名转换要分清;
its是"它的"无撇号,it's缩写有撇号。
选择正确答案:
1. This is not my bag. ______ is over there.(My / Mine)
2. The cat is licking ______ paw.(it's / its)
3. She is a friend of ______.(my / mine)
1. Mine — 名词性物主代词作主语,相当于 my bag。
2. its — "它的"爪子,形容词性物主代词修饰 paw。
3. mine — 双重所有格 a friend of mine,用名词性物主代词。
考点三:反身代词
🔹 反身代词的构成
反身代词由"形容词性物主代词/宾格 + self/selves"构成:
- 单数:myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
- 复数:ourselves, yourselves, themselves
🔹 反身代词的用法
| 用法 | 举例 |
|---|---|
| 作宾语(动词后) | He hurt himself. 他伤了自己。 |
| 作宾语(介词后) | She said to herself. 她自言自语。 |
| 作同位语(强调) | I myself did it. = I did it myself. 我亲自做的。 |
🔹 含反身代词的常见短语
- by oneself = 独自地(= alone)
- help oneself to = 随便吃/用
- enjoy oneself = 玩得开心(= have a good time)
- teach oneself = 自学(= learn by oneself)
- dress oneself = 自己穿衣
- come to oneself = 苏醒
- make oneself at home = 别客气,随便点
反身代词不能单独作主语!
❌ Myself did it.
✅ I myself did it. / I did it myself.(作同位语强调)
注意:反身代词作同位语时,可紧跟主语后面,也可放在句末。
反身代词self加,单数self复数selves;
作宾语或同位语,不能单独当主语;
by oneself独自做,enjoy oneself玩得乐。
用适当的反身代词填空:
1. The little girl can dress ______ now.
2. Help ______ to some fish, children.
3. He finished the work by ______.
1. herself — 主语 the little girl 是第三人称单数女性。
2. yourselves — 主语 children 是第二人称复数,help yourselves to 随便吃。
3. himself — 主语 he 是第三人称单数男性,by himself 独自地。
考点四:不定代词
🔹 some 与 any
| 代词 | 用法 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| some | 一般用于肯定句 | I have some books. |
| any | 一般用于否定句和疑问句 | Do you have any questions? |
| some(特殊) | 用于表示请求、建议的疑问句 | Would you like some tea? |
🔹 复合不定代词
| -one / -body(指人) | -thing(指物) | -where(指地点) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| some- | someone / somebody | something | somewhere |
| any- | anyone / anybody | anything | anywhere |
| no- | no one / nobody | nothing | nowhere |
| every- | everyone / everybody | everything | everywhere |
🔹 复合不定代词的重要规则
- 形容词后置:修饰复合不定代词的形容词要放在其后面。
something important(重要的事);nothing new(没什么新鲜事) - 谓语用单数:复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Everyone is here.(每个人都在这里)
🔹 other 系列辨析
| 词 | 用法 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| other | 其他的(后跟复数名词) | other students 其他学生 |
| the other | 两者中的另一个 | one... the other... 一个……另一个…… |
| others | 其他的人/物(泛指) | Some like tea, others like coffee. |
| the others | 其余的人/物(特指) | Two are red, the others are blue. |
| another | 另一个(三者及以上中的) | I don't like this one. Show me another. |
🔹 both / either / neither 与 all / any / none
| 两者 | 三者及以上 | |
|---|---|---|
| 都 | both | all |
| 任何一个 | either | any |
| 都不 | neither | none |
both vs all:both 用于两者,all 用于三者及以上。
neither vs none:neither 用于两者都不,none 用于三者及以上都不。
either vs any:either 用于两者中任一,any 用于三者及以上中任一。
做题时一定要先判断是"两者"还是"三者及以上"!
some肯定any否疑,请求建议some也行;
复合代词形容词后置,谓语动词用单数;
两者both/either/neither,三者all/any/none;
one...the other两者选,another三者再来一。
选择正确答案:
1. There is ______ wrong with my computer. It doesn't work.(something / anything)
2. I have two brothers. One is a teacher, ______ is a doctor.(another / the other)
3. ______ of the three boys likes swimming.(Neither / None)
1. something — 虽然后面有否定意义,但本句是肯定句式,用 something。
2. the other — 两者中的另一个用 the other(one... the other...)。
3. None — 三者都不用 none;neither 只用于两者。
考点五:it 的用法
🔹 it 作人称代词
- 指代前面提到的事物:I bought a book. It is very interesting.
- 指代不明性别的婴儿或动物:The baby is crying. It must be hungry.
🔹 it 指代时间、天气、距离等
- 时间:It is 8 o'clock now.
- 天气:It is raining outside.
- 距离:It is 5 kilometers from here to the station.
- 环境:It is very quiet in the room.
🔹 it 作形式主语
当不定式、动名词或从句作主语时,常用 it 作形式主语,将真正的主语后置:
- It is important to learn English.(学英语很重要)
- It is no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水难收)
- It is clear that he is right.(很明显他是对的)
🔹 it 作形式宾语
当不定式或从句作宾语且后面有宾补时,用 it 作形式宾语:
- I find it difficult to learn French.(我发现学法语很难)
- He made it clear that he would leave.(他明确表示他要离开)
🔹 it 用于强调句型
强调句型结构:It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其余部分
- 原句:He bought a camera yesterday.
- 强调主语:It was he that/who bought a camera yesterday.(是他昨天买了相机)
- 强调宾语:It was a camera that he bought yesterday.(他昨天买的是相机)
- 强调时间:It was yesterday that he bought a camera.(他是昨天买的相机)
判断强调句的方法:去掉 It is/was... that/who...,剩余部分如果仍能组成一个完整的句子,就是强调句。
例如:It was yesterday that he bought a camera. → He bought a camera yesterday. ✅ 完整句子,是强调句。
it指天气时间和距离,形式主语宾语也是它;
强调句型It is...that,去掉框架句完整;
形式主语真主语后置,形式宾语真宾语在后。
判断下列句子中 it 的用法:
1. It is raining heavily outside.
2. It is important to protect the environment.
3. It was Tom who broke the window.
1. it 指代天气,表示"外面正在下大雨"。
2. it 作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式 to protect the environment。
3. it 用于强调句型,强调的是主语 Tom。去掉 It was...who... 后剩余 Tom broke the window,句子完整。