⚡ 特殊句式
There be 句型 · 反义疑问句 · 倒装句 · 强调句 · 省略句
考点一：There be 句型
🔹 基本结构
There be 句型表示"某处有某物/某人"，be 动词的形式由最近的主语决定（就近原则）。
| 时态 | 结构 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | There is/are + 主语 + 地点 | There is a book on the desk. 桌上有一本书。 There are some students in the classroom. 教室里有一些学生。 |
| 一般过去时 | There was/were + 主语 + 地点 | There was a meeting yesterday. 昨天有一个会议。 |
| 一般将来时 | There will be / There is going to be + 主语 | There will be a party tonight. 今晚将有一个聚会。 |
| 现在完成时 | There has/have been + 主语 | There have been many changes. 已经有了很多变化。 |
🔹 There be 句型的否定和疑问
- 否定句：There + be + not + 主语
There isn't a book on the desk. 桌上没有书。
There aren't any apples in the basket. 篮子里没有苹果。 - 一般疑问句：Be + there + 主语?
Is there a book on the desk? — Yes, there is. / No, there isn't.
Are there any students in the classroom? — Yes, there are.
🔹 就近原则
There be 句型中有多个主语时，be 动词与最近的主语保持一致。
There is a pen and two books on the desk.（is 与最近的 a pen 一致）
There are two books and a pen on the desk.（are 与最近的 two books 一致）
There be 与 have 的区别：
There be 表示"某处存在某物"，强调客观存在。
have 表示"某人拥有某物"，强调所属关系。
✅ There is a computer in the room. 房间里有一台电脑。（客观存在）
✅ I have a computer. 我有一台电脑。（我拥有）
❌ There have a computer in the room.
注意：There be 句型中不能再出现 have 表示"有"。
❌ There is a book have many pictures.
There be表存在，have表拥有；
be动词就近原则定，离谁近就跟谁；
否定be后加not，疑问be提到there前；
There be和have不并用，两者区别要分清。
选择正确答案：
1. There ______ a pen and two rulers on the desk.（is / are）
2. There ______ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.（will be / will have）
3. — ______ there any water in the glass? — Yes, there ______.（Is; is / Are; are）
1. is — 就近原则，最近的主语是 a pen（单数），用 is。
2. will be — There be 的将来时是 There will be，不能用 will have。
3. Is; is — water 是不可数名词，用 is。
考点二：反义疑问句
🔹 基本规则
反义疑问句由"陈述句 + 简短问句"构成，遵循"前肯后否，前否后肯"的原则。
| 陈述部分 | 附加问句 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定 | 否定 | He is a student, isn't he? |
| 否定 | 肯定 | He isn't a student, is he? |
| 含 can | can't / can | She can swim, can't she? |
| 含实义动词 | don't / doesn't / didn't | You like music, don't you? He went there, didn't he? |
🔹 特殊情况
| 特殊情况 | 附加问句 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| 陈述部分含 never, seldom, hardly, few, little, no, nothing, nobody 等否定词 | 用肯定形式 | He never comes late, does he? There is little water, is there? |
| 主语是 everyone, someone, nobody 等不定代词 | 附加问句主语用 they | Everyone is here, aren't they? Nobody knows it, do they? |
| 主语是 everything, something, nothing 等 | 附加问句主语用 it | Everything is ready, isn't it? Nothing is wrong, is it? |
| I am... | aren't I | I am right, aren't I? |
| 祈使句 | will you | Open the door, will you? Don't be late, will you? |
| Let's... | shall we | Let's go, shall we? |
| Let us... | will you | Let us go, will you? |
| There be 句型 | be there | There is a book, isn't there? |
🔹 反义疑问句的回答
回答反义疑问句时，根据事实回答，事实是肯定的用 Yes，事实是否定的用 No。
— He isn't a student, is he?
— Yes, he is.（不，他是学生。）← 事实是肯定的
— No, he isn't.（是的，他不是学生。）← 事实是否定的
含否定词的反义疑问句：
few, little, no, never, hardly, seldom, neither, nothing, nobody 等都是否定词，附加问句用肯定形式。
He has few friends, does he?（few 是否定词）
He has a few friends, doesn't he?（a few 是肯定词）
Let's 和 Let us 的区别：
Let's go.（包括听话人）→ shall we?
Let us go.（不包括听话人，请求允许）→ will you?
前肯后否前否后肯，人称时态要一致；
否定词句附加肯定问，never/hardly/few/little/no；
不定代词人用they物用it，I am用aren't I；
祈使句用will you，Let's用shall we；
回答看事实，肯定Yes否定No。
完成反义疑问句：
1. He hardly knows anyone here, ______?
2. Everything is OK, ______?
3. Let's have a rest, ______?
4. I am a good student, ______?
1. does he — hardly 是否定词，附加问句用肯定形式。
2. isn't it — everything 用 it 代替，陈述部分肯定，附加问句否定。
3. shall we — Let's 开头的祈使句用 shall we。
4. aren't I — I am 的反义疑问句固定用 aren't I。
考点三：倒装句
🔹 完全倒装
将谓语动词完全移到主语之前。
| 情况 | 举例 |
|---|---|
| 表示地点/方位的副词或介词短语放在句首 | Here comes the bus. 公交车来了。 There goes the bell. 铃响了。 On the wall hangs a picture. 墙上挂着一幅画。 |
| there, here, up, down, in, out, away 等副词放在句首（主语为名词时） | Away flew the bird. 鸟飞走了。 In came the teacher. 老师走了进来。 |
注意：主语是代词时不倒装。
✅ Here it is.（主语是代词 it，不倒装）
❌ Here is it.
🔹 部分倒装
将助动词、情态动词或 be 动词移到主语之前。
| 情况 | 举例 |
|---|---|
| 否定词或半否定词放在句首 （never, seldom, hardly, rarely, little, not, neither, nor, no sooner, not only 等） | Never have I seen such a beautiful place. 我从未见过如此美丽的地方。 Seldom does he go out. 他很少出去。 Not only does he speak English, but also he speaks French. |
| only + 状语放在句首 | Only in this way can you learn English well. 只有这样你才能学好英语。 Only when he came back did I know the truth. |
| so/such...that 中 so/such 放在句首 | So beautiful is the park that everyone likes it. |
| so/neither/nor 表示"也/也不" | — I like English. — So do I. 我也是。 — He can't swim. — Neither/Nor can I. 我也不会。 |
So do I 与 So I do 的区别：
So do I. = 我也是。（表示另一个人也如此，倒装）
So I do. = 我确实如此。（表示对前面说法的肯定，不倒装）
— Tom likes English. — So do I.（我也喜欢。）
— You like English. — So I do.（我确实喜欢。）
only 放在句首修饰主语时不倒装：
Only he can answer the question.（only 修饰主语 he，不倒装）
Only then did he realize his mistake.（only 修饰状语 then，倒装）
完全倒装地点副词句首放，here/there/up/down/in/out；
代词作主语不倒装，Here it is不能倒；
部分倒装否定词句首，never/seldom/hardly/not only；
only加状语句首倒，so do I表"我也是"；
So I do表"确实如此"，两者区别要分清。
选择正确答案：
1. — I like swimming. — ______.（So do I / So I do）
2. Never ______ such a beautiful sunset.（I have seen / have I seen）
3. Only in this way ______ solve the problem.（you can / can you）
4. Here ______.（comes the bus / the bus comes）
1. So do I — 表示"我也喜欢"，用倒装。
2. have I seen — Never 放在句首，部分倒装。
3. can you — Only + 状语放在句首，部分倒装。
4. comes the bus — Here 放在句首，主语是名词，完全倒装。
考点四：强调句
🔹 强调句型的基本结构
It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其余部分
强调句可以强调主语、宾语、状语等，但不能强调谓语。被强调部分是人时可用 who 或 that，其他情况用 that。
🔹 强调句的用法
原句：He bought a camera yesterday.
| 强调部分 | 强调句 |
|---|---|
| 强调主语 | It was he who/that bought a camera yesterday. 是他昨天买了一台相机。 |
| 强调宾语 | It was a camera that he bought yesterday. 他昨天买的是一台相机。 |
| 强调时间状语 | It was yesterday that he bought a camera. 他是昨天买的相机。 |
🔹 强调句的疑问形式
- 一般疑问句：Is/Was it + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其余部分?
Was it he who bought a camera yesterday? 是他昨天买的相机吗？ - 特殊疑问句：疑问词 + is/was it + that + 其余部分?
Who was it that bought a camera yesterday? 昨天是谁买了相机？
When was it that he bought a camera? 他是什么时候买的相机？
🔹 判断强调句的方法
去掉 It is/was...that/who... 后，剩余部分仍能组成一个完整的句子，则为强调句。
✅ It was yesterday that he came.（去掉后：He came yesterday. ✅ 完整句子 → 强调句）
❌ It is clear that he is right.（去掉后：Clear he is right. ❌ 不完整 → 不是强调句，是主语从句）
强调句 vs It 引导的主语从句：
强调句：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that...（去掉框架句子完整）
主语从句：It is + 形容词/名词 + that...（去掉框架句子不完整）
It was Tom that broke the window.（强调句，去掉后：Tom broke the window. ✅）
It is important that we study hard.（主语从句，去掉后：Important we study hard. ❌）
注意：强调句中的 that 不能换成 which。
❌ It was yesterday which he came.
It is/was...that/who强调句，可强调主宾状语不强调谓语；
强调人用who或that，强调物只用that；
去掉框架看完整，完整就是强调句；
疑问句Is/Was it开头，特殊疑问词提前放。
判断下列句子是否为强调句，并翻译：
1. It was in the park that I met her.
2. It is necessary that we should work hard.
3. Who was it that broke the window?
1. 是强调句 — 去掉 It was...that：I met her in the park.（完整）。翻译：我是在公园里遇见她的。
2. 不是强调句 — 去掉 It is...that：Necessary we should work hard.（不完整）。这是主语从句。翻译：我们应该努力工作是必要的。
3. 是强调句 — 强调句的特殊疑问形式。翻译：是谁打破了窗户？
考点五：省略句
🔹 常见省略情况
| 省略类型 | 举例 |
|---|---|
| 状语从句中省略主语和 be 动词 （从句主语与主句主语一致时） |
When (he was) young, he liked swimming. 他年轻时喜欢游泳。 While (I was) walking in the park, I met Tom. 在公园散步时我遇到了汤姆。 If (it is) possible, I'll come tomorrow. 如果可能的话，我明天来。 Though (he was) tired, he kept working. 虽然累了，他继续工作。 |
| 不定式的省略 （保留 to，省略后面的动词） |
— Would you like to go with us? — I'd love to. 我很乐意。 You can go if you want to. 如果你想去的话你可以去。 |
| 答语中的省略 | — Are you a student? — Yes, I am. (= Yes, I am a student.) — Has he finished? — Yes, he has. (= Yes, he has finished.) — Will you come? — Yes, I will. (= Yes, I will come.) |
| 并列句中相同部分的省略 | He likes English and (he likes) math. 他喜欢英语和数学。 Some are singing and some (are) dancing. 一些人在唱歌，一些人在跳舞。 |
| 定语从句中关系代词作宾语时可省略 | The book (that/which) I bought is interesting. 我买的那本书很有趣。 |
🔹 状语从句中的省略规则
当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语含有 be 动词时，可以省略从句的主语和 be 动词。
- 时间状语从句：When (I was) a child, I liked drawing. 我小时候喜欢画画。
- 条件状语从句：If (it is) necessary, we'll have a meeting. 如果有必要，我们开个会。
- 让步状语从句：Though (he was) poor, he was happy. 虽然穷，但他很快乐。
- 方式状语从句：She stood there as if (she was) waiting for someone. 她站在那里好像在等人。
省略的前提条件：
状语从句中的省略必须满足两个条件：
① 从句主语与主句主语一致；
② 从句谓语含有 be 动词。
两个条件缺一不可！
不定式省略时保留 to：
✅ — Would you like to come? — I'd love to.（省略 come，保留 to）
❌ — Would you like to come? — I'd love.（不能把 to 也省掉）
但如果不定式中含有 be 或 have，通常保留：
— Are you a teacher? — No, but I used to be.（保留 to be）
— Has he finished? — He seems to have.（保留 to have）
状语从句省主语和be，前提主语要一致；
不定式省略保留to，be和have也要留；
答语省略留助动词，并列句省相同部分；
定语从句关系词作宾语，省略关系词句更简。
补全省略的部分：
1. When young, he was very naughty. → When ______, he was very naughty.
2. — Would you like to go shopping? — I'd love to. → I'd love ______.
3. If possible, I'll come early. → If ______, I'll come early.
1. When he was young — 省略了与主句一致的主语 he 和 be 动词 was。
2. I'd love to go shopping — 省略了不定式后面的动词部分，保留 to。
3. If it is possible — 省略了主语 it 和 be 动词 is。
考点六：主谓一致
🔹 语法一致原则
谓语动词的单复数形式与主语的单复数形式保持一致。
| 情况 | 谓语 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| 单数主语 | 单数谓语 | The boy is a student. |
| 复数主语 | 复数谓语 | The boys are students. |
| 不定式/动名词/从句作主语 | 单数谓语 | Reading is a good habit. 阅读是个好习惯。 What he said is true. 他说的是真的。 |
| each, every, no 修饰的主语 | 单数谓语 | Each student has a book. |
| 不定代词（everyone, something 等） | 单数谓语 | Everyone is here. 每个人都在这里。 |
🔹 就近原则
谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。
- either...or... Either you or he is right.
- neither...nor... Neither he nor I am a teacher.
- not only...but also... Not only the students but also the teacher was there.
- not...but... Not you but he is to blame.
- There be... There is a pen and two books on the desk.
🔹 意义一致原则
| 情况 | 谓语 | 举例 |
|---|---|---|
| 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语（看作整体） | 单数谓语 | Ten years is a long time. 十年是很长的时间。 Five dollars is enough. 五美元就够了。 |
| 国家、机构、书名等专有名词 | 单数谓语 | The United States is a big country. |
| family, class, team 等集体名词（强调整体） | 单数谓语 | My family is a big one. 我家是个大家庭。 |
| family, class, team 等集体名词（强调成员） | 复数谓语 | My family are watching TV. 我的家人在看电视。 |
| the + 形容词（表示一类人） | 复数谓语 | The old are taken good care of. 老人们被照顾得很好。 |
| a number of + 复数名词 | 复数谓语 | A number of students are playing. 许多学生在玩。 |
| the number of + 复数名词 | 单数谓语 | The number of students is 50. 学生的数量是50。 |
🔹 就远原则
以下词语连接两个主语时，谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致（即"就远"）：
- as well as（和，也）
- together with（和……一起）
- along with（和……一起）
- with（和）
- including（包括）
- rather than（而不是）
- except / besides（除了）
He, as well as his friends, is interested in music.（谓语与 He 一致）
The teacher, together with the students, was planting trees.（谓语与 The teacher 一致）
a number of vs the number of：
a number of + 复数名词 = 许多，谓语用复数。
the number of + 复数名词 = ……的数量，谓语用单数。
A number of students are absent today.（许多学生今天缺席。）
The number of students is increasing.（学生的数量在增加。）
就近原则 vs 就远原则：
就近：either...or / neither...nor / not only...but also / There be
就远：as well as / together with / along with / with / including
语法一致看主语，单数主语单数谓；
就近原则either/neither/not only，谓语跟着近主语；
就远原则as well as/together with，谓语跟着远主语；
时间金钱距离重量看整体，集体名词看语境；
a number of谓语复数，the number of谓语单数。
选择正确答案：
1. The number of the students in our school ______ about 2000.（is / are）
2. Neither he nor I ______ from Beijing.（am / is）
3. The teacher, together with his students, ______ planting trees.（was / were）
4. Twenty dollars ______ not enough for the book.（is / are）
1. is — the number of 表示"……的数量"，谓语用单数。
2. am — neither...nor 就近原则，谓语与 I 一致，用 am。
3. was — together with 就远原则，谓语与 the teacher 一致，用 was。
4. is — 表示金钱的复数名词看作整体，谓语用单数。